<text><span class="style5">entral Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix H: Cross-Reference List of Geographic ItemsLubumbashi ZaireLusaka [US Embassy] ZambiaLuxembourg [US Embassy] LuxembourgLuzon PhilippinesLuzon Strait Pacific OceanMMacao MacauMacau MacauMacedonia Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacquarie Island AustraliaMadeira Islands PortugalMadras [US Consulate General] IndiaMadrid [US Embassy] SpainMagellan, Strait of Atlantic OceanMaghreb Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, TunisiaMahe Island SeychellesMaiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) NicaraguaMajorca (Mallorca) SpainMajuro [US Embassy] Marshall IslandsMakassar Strait Pacific OceanMalabo [US Embassy] Equatorial GuineaMalacca, Strait of Indian OceanMalagasy Republic MadagascarMale [US Consular Agency] MaldivesMallorca (Majorca) SpainMalpelo, Isla de ColombiaMalta Channel Atlantic OceanMalvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Mamoutzou MayotteManagua [US Embassy] NicaraguaManama [US Embassy] BahrainManaus [US Consular Agency] BrazilManchukuo ChinaManchuria ChinaManila [US Embassy] PhilippinesManipa Strait Pacific OceanMannar, Gulf of Indian OceanManua Islands American SamoaMaputo [US Embassy] MozambiqueMarcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) JapanMariana Islands Guam; Northern Mariana IslandsMarion Island South AfricaMarmara, Sea of Atlantic OceanMarquesas Islands (Iles Marquises) French PolynesiaMarseille [US Consulate General] FranceMartin Vaz, Ilhas BrazilMas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Chile Island)Mascarene Islands Mauritius; ReunionMaseru [US Embassy] LesothoMatamoros [US Consulate] MexicoMata-Utu Wallis and FutunaMazatlan MexicoMbabane [US Embassy] SwazilandMcDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald IslandsMedan [US Consulate General] IndonesiaMediterranean Sea Atlantic OceanMelbourne [US Consulate General] AustraliaMelilla SpainMerida [US Consulate] MexicoMessina, Strait of Atlantic OceanMexico [US Embassy] MexicoMexico, Gulf of Atlantic OceanMilan [US Consulate General] ItalyMinami-tori-shima JapanMindanao PhilippinesMindoro Strait Pacific OceanMinicoy Island IndiaMinsk [US Embassy] BelarusMogadishu SomaliaMoldavia MoldovaMombasa KenyaMona Passage Atlantic OceanMonaco MonacoMonrovia [US Embassy] LiberiaMontenegro Serbia and MontenegroMonterrey [US Consulate General] MexicoMontevideo [US Embassy] UruguayMontreal [US Consulate General, US Canada Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)]Moravian Gate Czech RepublicMoroni ComorosMortlock Islands Micronesia, Federated States ofMoscow [US Embassy] RussiaMozambique Channel Indian OceanMunich [US Consulate General] GermanyMusandam Peninsula Oman; United Arab EmiratesMuscat [US Embassy] OmanMuscat and Oman OmanMyanma, Myanmar BurmaNNagoya [US Consulate] JapanNaha [US Consulate General] JapanNairobi [US Embassy] KenyaNampo-shoto JapanNaples [US Consulate General] ItalyNassau [US Embassy] Bahamas, TheNatuna Besar Islands IndonesiaN'Djamena [US Embassy] ChadNetherlands East Indies IndonesiaNetherlands Guiana SurinameNevis Saint Kitts and NevisNew Delhi [US Embassy] IndiaNewfoundland CanadaNew Guinea Indonesia; Papua New GuineaNew Hebrides VanuatuNew Siberian Islands RussiaNew Territories Hong KongNew York, New York [US Mission to United States the United Nations (USUN)]Niamey [US Embassy] NigerNicobar Islands IndiaNicosia [US Embassy] CyprusNightingale Island Saint HelenaNorth Atlantic Ocean Atlantic OceanNorth Channel Atlantic OceanNortheast Providence Channel Atlantic OceanNorthern Epirus Albania; GreeceNorthern Grenadines Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNorthern Ireland United KingdomNorthern Rhodesia ZambiaNorth Island New ZealandNorth Korea Korea, NorthNorth Pacific Ocean Pacific OceanNorth Sea Atlantic OceanNorth Vietnam VietnamNorthwest Passages Arctic OceanNorth Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) YemenNorwegian Sea Atlantic OceanNouakchott [US Embassy] MauritaniaNoumea New CaledoniaNovaya Zemlya RussiaNuku'alofa TongaNuevo Laredo [US Consulate] MexicoNuuk (Godthab) GreenlandNyasaland MalawiOOahu United StatesOcean Island (Banaba) KiribatiOcean Island (Kure Island) United StatesOgaden Ethiopia; SomaliaOil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean TerritoryOkhotsk, Sea of Pacific OceanOkinawa JapanOman, Gulf of Indian OceanOmbai Strait Pacific OceanOran AlgeriaOranjestad ArubaOresund (The Sound) Atlantic OceanOrkney Islands United KingdomOsaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] JapanOslo [US Embassy] NorwayOtranto, Strait of Atlantic OceanOttawa [US Embassy] CanadaOuagadougou [US Embassy] BurkinaOuter Mongolia MongoliaPPacific Islands, Trust Territory Palau of thePagan Northern Mariana IslandsPago Pago American SamoaPalawan PhilippinesPalermo ItalyPalk Strait Indian OceanPamirs China; TajikistanPanama [US Embassy] PanamaPanama Canal PanamaPanama, Gulf of Pacific OceanPapeete French PolynesiaParamaribo [US Embassy] SurinameParece Vela JapanParis [US Embassy, US Mission to the France Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), US Observer Mission at the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)]Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) ChilePassion, Ile de la Clipperton IslandPashtunistan Afghanistan; PakistanPeking (Beijing) ChinaPeleliu PalauPemba Island TanzaniaPentland Firth Atlantic OceanPerim YemenPerouse Strait, La Pacific OceanPersian Gulf Indian OceanPerth [US Consulate General] AustraliaPescadores TaiwanPeshawar [US Consulate] PakistanPeter I Island AntarcticaPhilip Island Norfolk IslandPhilippine Sea Pacific OceanPhnom Penh [US Embassy] CambodiaPhoenix Islands KiribatiPines, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) CubaPleasant Island NauruPlymouth MontserratPonape (Pohnpei) MicronesiaPonta Delgada [US Consulate] PortugalPort-au-Prince [US Embassy] HaitiPort Louis [US Embassy] MauritiusPort Moresby [US Embassy] Papua New GuineaPorto Alegre [US Consulate] BrazilPort-of-Spain [US Embassy] Trinidad and TobagoPorto-Novo BeninPortuguese Guinea Guinea-BissauPortuguese Timor (East Timor) IndonesiaPort-Vila VanuatuPoznan [US Consulate General] PolandPrague [US Embassy] Czech RepublicPraia [US Embassy] Cape VerdePretoria [US Embassy] South AfricaPribilof Islands United StatesPrince Edward Island CanadaPrince Edward Islands South AfricaPrince Patrick Island CanadaPrincipe Sao Tome and PrincipePusan [US Consulate] Korea, SouthP'yongyang Korea, NorthQQuebec [US Consulate General] CanadaQueen Charlotte Islands CanadaQueen Elizabeth Islands CanadaQueen Maud Land [claimed by Norway] AntarcticaQuito [US Embassy] EcuadorRRabat [US Embassy] MoroccoRalik Chain Marshall IslandsRangoon [US Embassy] BurmaRatak Chain Marshall IslandsRecife [US Consulate] BrazilRedonda Antigua and BarbudaRed Sea Indian OceanRevillagigedo Island United StatesRevillagigedo Islands MexicoReykjavik [US Embassy] IcelandRhodes GreeceRhodesia ZimbabweRhodesia, Northern ZambiaRhodesia, Southern ZimbabweRiga [US Embassy] LatviaRio de Janeiro [US Consulate Brazil General]Rio de Oro Western SaharaRio Muni Equatorial GuineaRiyadh [US Embassy] Saudi ArabiaRoad Town British Virgin IslandsRobinson Crusoe Island (Mas Chile a Tierra)Rocas, Atol das BrazilRockall [disputed] United KingdomRodrigues MauritiusRome [US Embassy, US Mission to the Italy UN Agencies for Food and Agriculture (FODAG)]Roncador Cay ColombiaRoosevelt Island AntarcticaRoseau DominicaRoss Dependency [claimed by Antarctica New Zealand]Ross Island AntarcticaRoss Sea AntarcticaRota Northern Mariana IslandsRotuma FijiRyukyu Islands JapanSSaba Netherlands AntillesSabah MalaysiaSable Island CanadaSahel Burkina, Cape Verde, Chad, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, SenegalSaigon (Ho Chi Minh City) VietnamSaint Brandon MauritiusSaint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and NevisSaint-Denis ReunionSaint George's [US Embassy] GrenadaSaint George's Channel Atlantic OceanSaint Helier JerseySaint John's Antigua and BarbudaSaint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic OceanSaint Lawrence Island United StatesSaint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic OceanSaint Martin GuadeloupeSaint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands AntillesSaint Paul Island CanadaSaint Paul Island United StatesSaint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) French Southern and Antarctic LandsSaint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks Brazil (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo)Saint Peter Port GuernseySaint Petersburg [US Consulate Russia General]Saint-Pierre Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent Passage Atlantic OceanSaipan Northern Mariana IslandsSakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) RussiaSala y Gomez, Isla ChileSalisbury (Harare) ZimbabweSalvador de Bahia [US Consular Brazil Agency]Salzburg AustriaSanaa [US Embassy] YemenSan Ambrosio ChileSan Andres y Providencia, Colombia ArchipielagoSan Bernardino Strait Pacific OceanSan Felix, Isla ChileSan Jose [US Embassy] Costa RicaSan Juan Puerto RicoSan Luis Potosi MexicoSan Marino San MarinoSan Salvador [US Embassy] El SalvadorSanta Cruz BoliviaSanta Cruz Islands Solomon IslandsSantiago [US Embassy] ChileSanto Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican RepublicSao Paulo [US Consulate General] BrazilSao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de BrazilSao Tome Sao Tome and PrincipeSapporo [US Consulate General] JapanSapudi Strait Pacific OceanSarajevo [US Embassy] Bosnia and HerzegovinaSarawak MalaysiaSardinia ItalySargasso Sea Atlantic OceanSark GuernseyScotia Sea Atlantic OceanScotland United KingdomScott Island AntarcticaSenyavin Islands Micronesia, Federated States ofSeoul [US Embassy] Korea, SouthSerbia Serbia and MontenegroSerrana Bank ColombiaSerranilla Bank ColombiaSettlement, The Christmas IslandSevernaya Zemlya (Northland) RussiaShag Island Heard Island and McDonald IslandsShag Rocks Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Shanghai [US Consulate General] ChinaShenyang [US Consulate General] ChinaShetland Islands United KingdomShikoku JapanShikotan (Shikotan-to) JapanSiam ThailandSibutu Passage Pacific OceanSicily ItalySicily, Strait of Atlantic OceanSikkim IndiaSinai EgyptSingapore [US Embassy] SingaporeSingapore Strait Pacific OceanSinkiang (Xinjiang) ChinaSint Eustatius Netherlands AntillesSint Maarten (Saint Martin) Netherlands AntillesSkagerrak Atlantic OceanSkopje [US Liaison Office] Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofSociety Islands (Iles de la Societe) French PolynesiaSocotra YemenSofia [US Embassy] BulgariaSolomon Islands, northern Papua New GuineaSolomon Islands, southern Solomon IslandsSolomon Sea Pacific OceanSongkhla [US Consulate] ThailandSound, The (Oresund) Atlantic OceanSouth Atlantic Ocean Atlantic OceanSouth China Sea Pacific OceanSouthern Grenadines GrenadaSouthern Rhodesia ZimbabweSouth Georgia South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouth Island New ZealandSouth Korea Korea, SouthSouth Orkney Islands AntarcticaSouth Pacific Ocean Pacific OceanSouth Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsSouth Shetland Islands AntarcticaSouth Tyrol ItalySouth Vietnam VietnamSouth-West Africa NamibiaSouth Yemen (People's Democratic Yemen Republic of Yemen)Soviet Union [the former] Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UzbekistanSpanish Guinea Equatorial GuineaSpanish Sahara Western SaharaSpitsbergen SvalbardStanley Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Stockholm [US Embassy] SwedenStrasbourg [US Consulate General] FranceStuttgart [US Consulate General] GermanySucre BoliviaSuez, Gulf of Indian OceanSulu Archipelago PhilippinesSulu Sea Pacific OceanSumatra IndonesiaSumba IndonesiaSunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia; MalaysiaSunda Strait Indian OceanSurabaya [US Consulate General] IndonesiaSurigao Strait Pacific OceanSurinam SurinameSuva [US Embassy] FijiSwains Island American SamoaSwan Islands HondurasSydney [US Consulate General] AustraliaTTahiti French PolynesiaTaipei TaiwanTaiwan Strait Pacific OceanTallinn [US Embassy] EstoniaTanganyika TanzaniaTangier MoroccoTarawa KiribatiTartar Strait Pacific OceanTashkent [US Embassy] UzbekistanTasmania AustraliaTasman Sea Pacific OceanTaymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyra) RussiaT'bilisi [US Embassy] GeorgiaTegucigalpa [US Embassy] HondurasTehran [US post not maintained; Iran representation by Swiss Embassy]Tel Aviv [US Embassy] IsraelTerre Adelie (Adelie Land) Antarctica [claimed by France]Thailand, Gulf of Pacific OceanThessaloniki [US Consulate General] GreeceThimphu BhutanThurston Island AntarcticaTibet (Xizang) ChinaTibilisi (see T'bilisi) GeorgiaTierra del Fuego Argentina; ChileTijuana [US Consulate General] MexicoTimor IndonesiaTimor Sea Pacific OceanTinian Northern Mariana IslandsTiran, Strait of Indian OceanTirane [US Embassy] AlbaniaTobago Trinidad and TobagoTokyo [US Embassy] JapanTonkin, Gulf of Pacific OceanToronto [US Consulate General] CanadaTorres Strait Pacific OceanTorshavn Faroe IslandsToshkent (Tashkent) UzbekistanTransjordan JordanTranskei South AfricaTransylvania RomaniaTrindade, Ilha de BrazilTripoli [US post not maintained; Libya representation by Belgian Embassy]Tristan da Cunha Group Saint HelenaTrobriand Islands Papua New GuineaTrucial States United Arab EmiratesTruk Islands MicronesiaTsugaru Strait Pacific OceanTuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French PolynesiaTubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French PolynesiaTunis [US Embassy] TunisiaTurin ItalyTurkish Straits Atlantic OceanTurkmeniya TurkmenistanTurks Island Passage Atlantic OceanTyrol, South ItalyTyrrhenian Sea Atlantic OceanUUdorn (Udon Thani) [US Consulate] ThailandUlaanbaatar [US Embassy] MongoliaUllung-do Korea, SouthUnimak Pass [strait] Pacific OceanUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, [the former USSR] Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UzbekistanUnited Arab Republic Egypt; SyriaUpper Volta BurkinaUSSR [the former] Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UzbekistanVVaduz [US post not maintained; Liechtenstein representation from Zurich, Switzerland]Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) AfghanistanValletta [US Embassy] MaltaValley, The AnguillaVancouver [US Consulate General] CanadaVancouver Island CanadaVan Diemen Strait Pacific OceanVatican City [US Embassy] Holy SeeVelez de la Gomera, Penon de SpainVenda South AfricaVerde Island Passage Pacific OceanVictoria Hong KongVictoria [US Embassy] SeychellesVienna [US Embassy, US Mission to Austria International Organizations in Vienna (UNVIE)]Vientiane [US Embassy] LaosVilnius [US Embassy] LithuaniaVladivostok [US Consulate General] RussiaVolcano Islands JapanVostok Island KiribatiVrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island) RussiaWWakhan Corridor (now Vakhan) AfghanistanWales United KingdomWalvis Bay NamibiaWarsaw [US Embassy] PolandWashington, DC [The Permanent Mission United States of the US to the Organization of American States (OAS)]Weddell Sea Atlantic OceanWellington [US Embassy] New ZealandWestern Channel (West Korea Strait) Pacific OceanWest Germany (Federal Republic of Germany Germany)West Island Cocos (Keeling) IslandsWest Korea Strait (Western Channel) Pacific OceanWest Pakistan PakistanWetar Strait Pacific OceanWhite Sea Arctic OceanWillemstad Netherlands AntillesWindhoek [US Embassy] NamibiaWindward Passage Atlantic OceanWrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia [de facto]YYamoussoukro Cote d'IvoireYangon (Rangoon) BurmaYaounde [US Embassy] CameroonYap Islands MicronesiaYaren NauruYekaterinburg [US Consulate General] RussiaYellow Sea Pacific OceanYemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Yemen Republic of Yemen]Yemen Arab Republic YemenYemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic] YemenYemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic] YemenYemen, People's Democratic Yemen Republic ofYemen, South [People's Democratic Yemen Republic of Yemen]Yerevan [US Embassy] ArmeniaYouth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) CubaYucatan Channel Atlantic OceanYugoslavia [the former] Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of; Serbia and Montenegro; and SloveniaZZagreb [US Embassy] CroatiaZanzibar TanzaniaZurich [US Consulate General] Switzerland</span></text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix E: Selected International Environmental Agreementsnote - abbreviated as Desertificationopened for signature - 14 October 1994, but not yet in forceobjective - to combat desertification and mitigate the effects ofdrought through national action programs that incorporate long-termstrategies supported by international cooperation and partnershiparrangementsparties - (1) Mexicocountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (104) Algeria,Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bangladesh,Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote dÆIvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Denmark,Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia,European Union, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran,Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea,Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Malta,Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia,Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain,Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey,Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Zaire,Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - some late changes not included under countryentries-----United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changenote - abbreviated as Climate Changeopened for signature - 9 May 1992entered into force - 21 March 1994objective - to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrationsin the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerousanthropogenic interference with the climate systemparties - (119) Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma,Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Cook Islands, CostaRica, Cote dÆIvoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador,Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France,Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary,Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liechtenstein,Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco,Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway,Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SanMarino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Solomon Islands,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad andTobago, Tunisia, Tuvulu, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States,Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Zaire,Zambia, Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (54) Afghanistan,Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bulgaria, Burundi, CapeVerde, Central African Republic, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, Cyprus,Djibouti, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala,Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kiribati,Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Madagascar, Moldova,Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Panama, Rwanda,Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa,Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Ukraine, Yemen, former Yugoslavia-----Wetlandssee Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially AsWaterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)-----Whalingsee International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix E: Selected International Environmental AgreementsAir Pollutionsee Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution-----Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxidessee Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides orTheir Transboundary Fluxes-----Air Pollution-Sulphur 85see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their TransboundaryFluxes by at least 30%-----Air Pollution-Sulphur 94see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions----Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compoundssee Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile OrganicCompounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes-----Antarctic-Environmental Protocolsee Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty-----Antarctic Treatyopened for signature - 1 December 1959entered into force - 23 June 1961objective - to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes,such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and thatit does not become the scene or object of international discordparties - (42) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic,Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, NewZealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia,Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UnitedKingdom, United States, Uruguay-----Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of HazardousWastes and Their Disposalnote - abbreviated as Hazardous Wastesopened for signature - 22 March 1989entered into force - 5 May 1992objective - to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to theConvention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound andefficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount andtoxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally soundmanagement as closely as possible to the source of generation; and toassist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous andother wastes they generateparties - (81) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, TheBahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China,Comoros, Cote dÆIvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France,Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein,Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco,Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,Uruguay, Zaire, Zambiacountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (9) Afghanistan,Bolivia, Colombia, Germany, Guatemala, Haiti, Thailand, United States,Venezuela-----Biodiversitysee Convention on Biological Diversity-----Convention on Biological Diversitynote - abbreviated as Biodiversityopened for signature - 5 June 1992entered into force - 29 December 1993objective - to develop national strategies for the conservation andsustainable use of biological diversityparties - (111) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize,Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile,China, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote dÆIvoire,Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, ElSalvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji,Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica,Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea,Lebanon, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, MarshallIslands, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco,Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway,Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Portugal, Romania, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, San Marino,Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka,Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Uganda, United Kingdom,Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (64) Afghanistan,Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Bhutan, Botswana,Bulgaria, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo,Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau,Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia, Libya,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Moldova,Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Poland, Qatar,Russia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, Slovenia, SolomonIslands, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United ArabEmirates, United States, Yemen, former Yugoslavia-----Climate Changesee United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-----Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the HighSeasnote - abbreviated as Marine Life Conservationopened for signature - 29 April 1958entered into force - 20 March 1966objective - to solve through international cooperation the problemsinvolved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas,considering that because of the development of modern technology someof these resources are in danger of being overexploitedparties - (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina,Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France,Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, SierraLeone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand,Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States,Venezuela, former Yugoslaviacountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (21) Afghanistan,Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran,Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan,Panama, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (Canada signed on behalf of Taiwan), Tunisia,Uruguay-----Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollutionnote - abbreviated as Air Pollutionopened for signature - 13 November 1979entered into force - 16 March 1983objective - to protect the human environment against air pollution andto gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-rangetransboundary air pollutionparties - (39) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, EuropeanUnion, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands,Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States,former Yugoslaviacountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (2) Holy See, SanMarino-----Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFlora and Fauna (CITES)note - abbreviated as Endangered Speciesopened for signature - 3 March 1973entered into force - 1 July 1975objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitationby means of a system of import/export permitsparties - (130) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia,Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada,Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,Costa Rica, Cote dÆIvoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, EquatorialGuinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan,Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Liberia,Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius,Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NewZealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden,Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States,Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (5) Cambodia,Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam-----Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes andOther Matter (London Convention)note - abbreviated as Marine Dumpingopened for signature - 29 December 1972entered into force - 30 August 1975objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourageregional agreements supplementary to the Conventionparties - (76) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Union,Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru,Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles,Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden,Switzerland, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, UnitedKingdom, United States, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia, Zaire-----Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use ofEnvironmental Modification Techniquesnote - abbreviated as Environmental Modificationopened for signature - 10 December 1976entered into force - 5 October 1978objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use ofenvironmental modification techniques in order to further world peaceand trust among nationsparties - (63) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil,Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea,Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand,Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia,Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain,Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom,United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemencountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (17) Bolivia,Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg,Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda,Zaire-----Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially AsWaterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)note - abbreviated as Wetlandsopened for signature - 2 February 1971entered into force - 21 December 1975objective - to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss ofwetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecologicalfunctions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, andrecreational valueparties - (83) Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria,Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Chad,Chile, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador,Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece,Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco,Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal,Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden,Switzerland, Trinadad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UnitedKingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia,Zambia-----Desertificationsee United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in thoseCountries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,Particularly in Africa-----Endangered Speciessee Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFlora and Fauna (CITES)-----Environmental Modificationsee Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Useof Environmental Modification Techniques-----Hazardous Wastessee Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements ofHazardous Wastes and Their Disposal-----International Convention for the Regulation of Whalingnote - abbreviated as Whalingopened for signature - 2 December 1946entered into force - 10 November 1948objective - to protect all species of whales from overfishing; toestablish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheriesto ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and tosafeguard for future generations the great natural resourcesrepresented by whale stocksparties - (39) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Brazil,Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France, Germany,Grenada, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mexico, Monaco,Netherlands (Netherlands also extended the convention to NetherlandsAntilles), New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Peru, Russia, Saint Kitts andNevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal,Seychelles (withdrawing effective 30 June 1995), Solomon Islands, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States,Venezuelacountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) Austriaformer parties - (10) Belize, Canada, Ecuador, Egypt, Iceland, Jamaica,Mauritius, Panama, Philippines, Uruguay-----International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83opened for signature - 18 November 1983entered into force - 1 April 1985; this agreement will expire when theInternational Tropical Timber Ageement, 1994 goes into forceobjective - to provide an effective framework for cooperation betweentropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage thedevelopment of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization andconservation of tropical forests and their genetic resourcesparties - (52) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma,Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote dÆIvoire, Denmark,Ecuador, Egypt, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana,Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan,South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NewZealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal,Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad andTobago, United Kingdom, United States, Zaire-----International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94opened for signature - 26 January 1994, but not yet in forceobjective - to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timberoriginate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund toassist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessaryto reach this objectiveparties - (3) Fiji, Japan, Liberiacountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (11) Cameroon,Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, Gabon, Indonesia, Norway, Panama, Peru, Togo,United States-----Law of the Seasee United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)-----Marine Dumpingsee Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastesand Other Matter (London Convention)-----Marine Life Conservationsee Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of theHigh Seas-----Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layernote - abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protectionopened for signature - 16 September 1987entered into force - 1 January 1989objective - to protect the ozone layer by controling emissions ofsubstances that deplete itparties - (148) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium,Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Coted'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, EuropeanUnion, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho,Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocolto Macau), Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaudiArabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, SolomonIslands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United ArabEmirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) Morocco-----Nuclear Test Bansee Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in OuterSpace, and Under Water-----Ozone Layer Protectionsee Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer-----Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for thePrevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)note - abbreviated as Ship Pollutionopened for signature - 17 February 1978entered into force - 2 October 1983objective - to preserve the marine environment through the completeelimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and theminimization of accidental discharge of such substancesparties - (91) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire,Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador,Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany,Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy,Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia,Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands,Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama,Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo,Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States,Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia-----Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treatynote - abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocolopened for signature - 4 October 1991, but not yet in forceobjective - to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment anddependent and associated ecosystemsparties - (14) Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, Ecuador, France,Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden, Uruguaycountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (27) Austria,Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan,North Korea, South Korea, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia,Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States-----Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides orTheir Transboundary Fluxesnote - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxidesopened for signature - 31 October 1988entered into force - 14 February 1991objective - to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxidesand their transboundary fluxesparties - (25) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic,Denmark, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland,Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia,Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, UnitedStatescountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Belgium, Greece,Poland-----Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile OrganicCompounds or Their Transboundary Fluxesnote - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compoundsopened for signature - 18 November 1991, but not yet in forceobjective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions ofvolatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundaryfluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverseeffectsparties - (11) Austria, Finland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdomcountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (12) Belgium,Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European Union, France, Greece, Hungary,Italy, Portugal, Ukraine, United States-----Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissionsnote - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94opened for signature - 14 June 1994, but not yet in forceobjective - to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions ortransboundary fluxesparties - (0)countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (28) Austria,Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, EuropeanUnion, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom-----Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary AirPollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their TransboundaryFluxes by at least 30%note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85opened for signature - 8 July 1985entered into force - 2 September 1987objective - to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions ortransboundary fluxes by 1993parties - (21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia,Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine-----Ship Pollutionsee Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for thePrevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)-----Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space,and Under Waternote - abbreviated as Nuclear Test Banopened for signature - 5 August 1963entered into force - 10 October 1963objective - to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmamentunder strict international control in accordance with the objectives ofthe United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminateincentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons,including nuclear weaponsparties - (125) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin,Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana,Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg,Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger,Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela,Western Samoa, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambiacountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (11) Algeria,Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal,Somalia, Vietnam-----Tropical Timber 83see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983-----Tropical Timber 94see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994----United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)note - abbreviated as Law of the Seaopened for signature - 10 December 1982entered into force - 16 November 1994objective - to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea andoceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well asenforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environmentparties - (72) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas,Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus,Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Fiji, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Grenada,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Iraq,Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, FederatedStates of Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Paraguay, Philippines,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire,Zambia, Zimbabwecountries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (91) Afghanistan,Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin,Bhutan, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo,Cook Islands, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador,Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, European Union, Finland, France, Gabon,Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Japan, NorthKorea, South Korea, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Monaco,Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand,Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia,Slovakia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland,Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates,Vanuatu, Western Samoa-----United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those CountriesExperiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly inAfrica</text>
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<name>Selected International Environmental Agreements</name>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix D: Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental AgreementsA Air Pollution Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30% Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes Antarctic-Environmental Protocol Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic TreatyB Biodiversity Convention on Biological DiversityC Climate Change United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeD Desertification United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in AfricaE Endangered Species Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Environmental Modification Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification TechniquesH Hazardous Wastes Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their DisposalL Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)M Marine Dumping Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter; note - also known as the London Convention Marine Life Conservation Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High SeasN Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under WaterO Ozone Layer Protection Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone LayerS Ship Pollution Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)T Tropical Timber 83 International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 Tropical Timber 94 International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994W Wetlands Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat; note - also known as Ramsar Whaling International Convention for the Regulation of WhalingNote: Not all of the selected international environmental agreements have abbreviations.</text>
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<name>Abbreviations for Selected International Environmental Agreements</name>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups-----telephone - [972] (2) 734 223established - NA May 1948aim - to supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequentlyextended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan;initially established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile,China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, US-----United Nations Trusteeship Councilestablished on 26 June 1945, effective on 24 October 1945, to supervise theadministration of the 11 UN trust territories; members were China, France,Russia, UK, US; its mandate ended on 1 October 1994 when the TrustTerritory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) became the Republic of Palau, aself-governing territory in free association with the US-----United Nations University (UNU)established - 6 December 1973aim - to conduct research in development, welfare, and human survival andto train scholarsmembers (associated institutes) - (32) Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh,Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, France,Ghana, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Japan, Kenya, South Korea,Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela-----Universal Postal Union (UPU)address - Bureau International de lÆUPU, Weltpoststrasse 4, CH-3000 Berne15, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (31) 350 31 11FAX - [41] (31) 350 31 10established - 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947effective - 1 July 1948aim - to promote international postal cooperation; a UN specialized agencymembers - (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova,Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands,Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, OverseasTerritories of the UK, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kittsand Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, SaoTome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia(suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe------Warsaw Pact (WP)established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution wereBulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earliermembers included East Germany and Albania-----West African Development Bank (WADB)note - also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)address - BOAD, BP 1172, 68 av de la liberation, Lome, Togotelephone - [228] 21 59 06, 21 42 44, 21 01 13FAX - [228] 21 52 67, 21 72 69established - 14 November 1973aim - to promote regional economic development and integrationmembers - (7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal,Togo-----West African Economic Community (CEAO)note - acronym from Communaute Economique de lÆAfrique de lÆOuestestablished on 3 June 1972 to promote regional economic development; itsmembers were Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,Senegal; it was disbanded in 1994-----Western European Union (WEU)address - Rue de la Regence 4, B-1000 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 500 44 11FAX - [32] (2) 511 35 19established - 23 October 1954effective - 6 May 1955aim - to provide mutual defense and to move toward political unificationmembers - (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg,Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UKassociate members - (3) Iceland, Norway, Turkeyassociate partners - (9) Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakiaobservers - (2) Denmark, Ireland-----World Banksee International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)-----World Bank Groupincludes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),International Development Association (IDA), and International FinanceCorporation (IFC)-----World Confederation of Labor (WCL)address - Rue de Treves 33, B-1040 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 230 62 95FAX - [32] (2) 230 87 22established - 19 June 1920 as the International Federation of ChristianTrade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968aim - to promote the trade union movementmembers - (99 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia,Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran,Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico,Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan,Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico,Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, SriLanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US,Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----World Courtsee International Court of Justice (ICJ)-----World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)address - Branicka 112, Branik, CS-14700 Prague 4, Czech Republictelephone - [42] (2) 46 21 40FAX - [42] (2) 46 13 78established - 3 October 1945aim - to promote the trade union movementmembers - (116) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia,Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile,Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, The Gambia, Ghana,Greece, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar,Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Puerto Rico, Reunion, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone,Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden,Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zimbabwe-----World Food Council (WFC)address - c/o FAO, Via Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italytelephone - [39] (6) 522821FAX - [39] (6) 574 5091established - 17 December 1974aim - to study world food problems and to recommend solutions; ECOSOCorganizationmembers - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----World Food Program (WFP)address - Via Cristoforo Colombo 426, I-00145 Rome, Italytelephone - [39] (6) 522821FAX - [39] (6) 5123700, 5133537, 52282840established - 24 November 1961aim - to provide food aid in support of economic development or disasterrelief; an ECOSOC organizationmembers - (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----World Health Organization (WHO)address - CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 791 21 11, 791 32 23FAX - [41] (22) 791 07 46established - 22 July 1946effective - 7 April 1948aim - UN specialized agency concerned with health mattersmembers - (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica,Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, EquatorialGuinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, FederatedStates of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niue, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended),Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabweassociate members - (2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau-----World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)address - 34 chemin des Colombettes, Case Postale 18, CH-1211 Geneva 20,Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 730 9111FAX - [41] (22) 733 5428established - 14 July 1967effective - 26 April 1970aim - to furnish protection for literary, artistic, and scientific works; aUN specialized agencymembers - (147) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin,Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina,Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland,France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon,Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan,Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, SierraLeone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----World Meteorological Organization (WMO)address - Case Postale 2300, 41 Av Giuseppe-Motta, CH-1211 Geneva 2,Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 730 81 11FAX - [41] (22) 734 23 26established - 11 October 1947effective - 4 April 1951aim - to sponsor meteorological cooperation; a specialized UN agencymembers - (175) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana,Brazil, British Caribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma,Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia,Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, NorthKorea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands,Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----World Tourism Organization (WTO or WToO)address - Calle Capitan Haya 41, 28020 Madrid, Spaintelephone - [34] (1) 571 06 28FAX - [34] (1) 571 37 33established - 2 January 1975aim - to promote tourism as a means of contributing to economicdevelopment, international understanding, and peacemembers - (121) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria,Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France,Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea,South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar,Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, SierraLeone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria,Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire,Zambia, Zimbabweassociate members - (4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Ricoobserver - (1) Holy See-----World Trade Organization (WTrO)will be added in The World Factbook 1996-----Zangger Committee (ZC)established - early 1970saim - to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of thenuclear Non-Proliferation Treatymembers - (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US</text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups-----observer - (1) The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia-----Paris Clubsee Group of 10-----Partnership for Peace (PFP)established - 10-11 January 1994aim - to expand and intensify political and military cooperation throughoutEurope, increase stability, diminish threats to peace, and buildrelationships by promoting the spirit of practical cooperation andcommitment to democratic principles that underpin NATO; program under theauspices of NATOmembers - (24) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, CzechRepublic, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia,Sweden, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan-----Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)address - Peace Palace, Carnegieplein 2, NL-2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlandstelephone - [31] (70) 346 96 80FAX - [31] (70) 356 13 38established - 29 July 1899aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputesmembers - (80) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia,Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China,Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel,Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta,Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal,Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela,Zaire, Zimbabwe-----Population Commissionaddress - c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 754 1234established - 3 October 1946aim - to deal with population matters of importance to the UN, as part ofEconomic and Social Council organizationmembers - (27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Rio Group (RG)note - formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established in December 1986established - NA 1988aim - to consult on regional Latin American issuesmembers - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note - Panama was expelled in1988-----Second Worldanother term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states of the USSR andEastern Europe, with authoritarian governments and command economies basedon the Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally plannedeconomies-----Social Commissionsee Commission for Social Development-----socialist countriesin general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use of themajor factors of production; note - the term is sometimes used incorrectlyas a synonym for Communist countries-----Southa popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generallylocated south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; seeless developed countries (LDCs)-----South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)address - P.O. Box 4222, Kathmandu, Nepaltelephone - [977] (1) 221785, 221787, 221794FAX - [977] (1) 227033established - 8 December 1985aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperationmembers - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, SriLanka-----South Pacific Commission (SPC)address - Anse Vata, BP D5 Noumea CEDEX, New Caledoniatelephone - [687] 26 20 00FAX [687] 26 38 18established - 6 February 1947effective - 29 July 1948aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social mattersmembers - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France,French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States ofMicronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands,Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga,Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa-----South Pacific Forum (SPF)address - c/o forum Secretariat, Ratu Sukuna Road GPO Box 856, Suva, Fijitelephone - [679] 312 600, 303 106FAX - [679] 302 204established - 5 August 1971aim - to promote regional cooperation in political mattersmembers - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, SolomonIslands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoaobserver - (1) Palau-----South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (SPARTECA)address - (see South Pacific Forum)established - NA 1981aim - to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New Zealandwith small island economies in Pacific regionmembers - (15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, SolomonIslands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa-----Southern African Customs Union (SACU)address - Director General, Trade and Industry, Private Bag X84, Pretoria0001, South Africaestablished - 11 December 1969aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs mattersmembers - (9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, SouthAfrica, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda-----Southern African Development Community (SADC)note - evolved from the Southern African Development CoordinationConference (SADCC)address - Private Bag 008, Gaborone, Botswanatelephone - [267] (31) 51863, 51864, 51865FAX - [267] (31) 372848established - 17 August 1992aim - to promote regional economic development and integrationmembers - (11) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia,South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)address - c/o Cancilleria de la Republica de Argentina, Buenos Aires,Argentinaestablished - 26 March 1991aim - to increase regional economic cooperationmembers - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay-----Statistical Commissionaddress - c/o ECOSOC, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 758 2718established - 21 June 1946aim - to deal with development and standardization of national statisticsof interest to the UN, as part of the Economic and Social Councilorganizationmembers - (24) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Third Worldanother term for the less developed countries; the term is fading from use;see less developed countries (LDCs)-----underdeveloped countriesrefers to those less developed countries with the potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs)-----undeveloped countriesrefers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with littleprospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs)-----Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC)see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)-----United Nations (UN)address - United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 758 2718established - 26 June 1945effective - 24 October 1945aim - to maintain international peace and security and to promotecooperation involving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problemsmembers - (184 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria,Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands,Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia(suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - all UN members are representedin the General Assemblyobservers - (2 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Holy See,Switzerland, Palestine Liberation Organization-----United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II)note - successor to original UNAVEMaddress - c/o United Nations, UNAVEM II, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 758 2718established - 20 December 1988aim - to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola; established bythe UN Security Councilmembers - (16) Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India,Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Slovakia,Sweden, Zimbabwe-----United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)established - 5 October 1993aim - to monitor ceasefire agreement, to support and provide safeconditions for displaced persons; established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (17) Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, Congo, Egypt, Fiji, Ghana,Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Togo, Tunisia, Uruguay,Zimbabwe-----United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN InternationalChildren's Emergency Fundaddress - UNICEF House, Three United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 326 7000established - 11 December 1946aim - to help establish child health and welfare servicesmembers - (41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)address - Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34FAX - [41] (22) 907 00 57established - 30 December 1964aim - to promote international trademembers - (187) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga-----United Nations Development Program (UNDP)address - One United National Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 906 5788, 906 500FAX [1] (212) 906 5365established - 22 November 1965aim - to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and socialdevelopmentmembers - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)address - c/o UNDOF, P.O. Box 5368, Damascus, Syrian ARestablished - 31 May 1974aim - to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli ceasefire; established by the UNSecurity Councilmembers - (4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland-----United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)address - 7 place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris, Francetelephone - [33] (1) 45 68 10 00FAX - [33] (1) 45 67 16 90established - 16 November 1945effective - 4 November 1946aim - to promote cooperation in education, science, and culturemembers - (182) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua andBarbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina,Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, CostaRica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan,Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, TheFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco,Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended),Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabweassociate members - (3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles-----United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)address - One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 906 5000FAX - [1] (212) 826 2057established - 15 December 1972aim - to promote international cooperation on all environmental mattersmembers - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 4 March 1964aim - to serve as a peacekeeping force between Greek Cypriots and TurkishCypriots in Cyprus; established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (8) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland,Ireland, UK-----United Nations General Assemblyaddress - see United Nationsestablished - 26 June 1945effective - 24 October 1945aim - to function as the primary deliberative organ of the UNmembers - (185) all UN members are represented in the General Assembly-----United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)address - Vienna International Center, P.O. Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austriatelephone - [43] (1) 211 310FAX - [43] (1) 23 21 56established - 17 November 1966effective - 1 January 1967aim - UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development especiallyamong the membersmembers - (166) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia,Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland,Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea,Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova,Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua,Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, SaintKitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tomeand Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia,Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidadand Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended),Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)established - 11 December 1963aim - to help the UN become more effective through training and researchmembers (Board of Trustees) - (24) Argentina, Belgium, Canada, China, Coted'Ivoire, France, Germany, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Libya, Mexico,Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,Uganda, UK, US, Yugoslavia-----United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 19 March 1978aim - to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, andreestablish Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon; established by the UNSecurity Councilmembers - (9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway,Poland-----United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 9 April 1991aim - to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone established betweenIraq and Kuwait; established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (33) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Denmark,Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland,Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia,Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela-----United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)address - c/o OUSGSPA, Room 3853, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 4457FAX - [1] (212) 758 2718established - 13 August 1948aim - to observe the 1949 India-Pakistan ceasefire; established by the UNSecurity Councilmembers - (8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden,Uruguay-----United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH)established - 23 September 1993aim - to assist in implementing the agreement to transfer power back intothe civilian government; established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (14) Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Canada, France, Indonesia,Madagascar, Russia, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, US, Venezuela-----United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL)established - 22 September 1993aim - to assist in the implementation of the peace agreement; establishedby the UN Security Councilmembers - (13) Austria, Bangladesh, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, India, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Slovakia, Uruguay-----United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara(MINURSO)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 29 April 1991aim - to supervise the referendum in Western Sahara; established by the UNSecurity Councilmembers - (27) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada,China, Egypt, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Ireland,Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Switzerland,Togo, Tunisia, US, Venezuela-----United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 20 May 1991aim - to verify ceasefire arrangements and to monitor the maintenance ofpublic order pending the organization of a new National Civil Police;established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (14) Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France,Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela-----United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 1993 for a period of six monthsaim - to verify compliance with the cease-fire agreement reached 27 July1993 and investigate reports of violations of that agreement; establishedby the UN Security Councilmembers - (7) Bangladesh, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Sweden,Switzerland-----United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 1993 for six monthsaim - to monitor the Uganda/Rwanda border to verify that no militaryassistance reaches Rwanda across the border; established by the UN SecurityCouncilmembers - (8) Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Hungary, Netherlands, Senegal,Slovakia, Zimbabwe-----United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)address - Case postale 2500, Depot, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 739 81 11FAX - [41] (22) 731 95 46established - 3 December 1949effective - 1 January 1951aim - to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanentsolutions to refugee problemsmembers - (47) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho,Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway,Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland,Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia,Zaire-----United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ)note - supposed to shut down 31 January 1995address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 16 December 1992aim - to supervise the ceasefire; established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (27) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada,Cape Verde, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India,Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Russia, Spain, Sweden, US, Uruguay, Zambia-----United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II)note - UN peacekeepers left Somalia on 1 March 1995; some UN personnelremain in Somalia engaged in humanitarian workaddress - c/o UN Peace Keeping Missions, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 24 April 1992aim - to facilitate an immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain aceasefire in order to promote a political settlement, and to provide urgenthumanitarian assistance; established by the UN Security Councilmembers - (14) Australia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, India,Ireland, Malaysia, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Zimbabwe-----United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)note - acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund forPopulation Activitiesaddress - 220 E. 42nd Street, 19th Floor, Room DN-1901, New York, NY 10017,USAtelephone - [1] (212) 297 5000FAX - [1] (212) 557 6416established - NA July 1967aim - to assist both developed and developing countries to deal with theirpopulation problemsmembers - (52) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)address - c/o UN Peace Keeping Mission, Office for Special PoliticalAffairs, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 963 4879established - 28 February 1992aim - to create conditions for peace and security required for thenegotiation of an overall settlement of the "Yugoslav" crisis; establishedby the UN Security Councilmembers - (35) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia,Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland,Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,Ukraine, UK, US, Venezuela-----United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the NearEast (UNRWA)address - Vienna International Center, P. O. Box 700, A-1400 Vienna,Austriatelephone - [43] (1) 211 31, ext. 4530FAX - [43] (1) 230 7487established - 8 December 1949aim - to provide assistance to Palestinian refugeesmembers - (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria,Turkey, UK, US-----United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)established - 1 July 1964aim - to conduct research into the problems of economic development duringdifferent phases of economic growthmembers - no country members, but a Board of Directors consisting of achairman appointed by the UN secretary general and 10 individual members-----United Nations Secretariataddress - see United Nationsestablished - 26 June 1945effective - 24 October 1945aim - to serve as the primary administrative organ of the UN; a SecretaryGeneral is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on therecommendation of the Security Councilmembers - the UN secretary general and staff-----United Nations Security Counciladdress - c/o United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 758 2718established - 26 June 1945effective - 24 October 1945aim - to maintain international peace and securitypermanent members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, USnonpermanent members - (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN GeneralAssembly; Argentina (1994-95), Brazil (1993-94), Czech Republic (1994-95),Djibouti (1993-94), NZ (1993-94), Nigeria (1994-95), Oman (1994-95),Pakistan (1993-94), Rwanda (1994-95), Spain (1993-94)-----United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)established by the UN Security Council on 28 February 1992 to contribute tothe restoration and maintenance of peace and to the holding of freeelections; disbanded sometime after the UN-supervised election in May 1993;members were Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium,Brunei, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Egypt, Fiji,France, Germany, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan,Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway,Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden,Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay-----United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)address - Government House, P.O. Box 490, Jerusalem, Israel</text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups-----International Organization for Migration (IOM)note - established as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for theMovement of Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee forEuropean Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed IntergovernmentalCommittee for Migration (ICM) in November 1980; current name adopted 14November 1989address - 17 route des Morillons, CP 71, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 717 91 11FAX - [41] (22) 798 61 50established - 5 December 1951aim - to facilitate orderly international emigration and immigrationmembers - (52) Albania, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria,Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia,Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Israel, Italy,Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway,Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Sri Lanka,Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Uganda, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambiaobservers - (44) Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, CapeVerde, Czech Republic, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council ofAustralia Inc., Georgia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Holy See, India, Indonesia,Iran, Japan International Friendship and Welfare Foundation, Jordan,Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, NZ,Niwano Peace Foundation, Partnership with the Children of the Third World,Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief/Episcopal Church, Refugee Councilof Australia, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, UK,Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe-----International Organization for Standardization (ISO)address - CP 56, 1 rue de Varembe, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 749 01 11FAX - [41] (22) 733 34 30established - NA February 1947aim - to promote the development of international standardsmembers - (76 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria,Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil,Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,Japan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia,Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidadand Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwecorrespondent members - (19) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Estonia, Hong Kong,Jordan, Kuwait, Lithuania, Malawi, Malta, Mauritius, Nepal, Oman, Papua NewGuinea, Peru, Qatar, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAEsubscriber members - (4) Antigua and Barbuda, Burundi, Grenada, Saint Lucia-----International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)address - CICR, 19 Av de la Paix, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 734 60 01FAX - [41] (22) 733 20 57established - NA 1928aim - to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the InternationalCommittee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS; formerly League of RedCross and Red Crescent Societies or LORCS) in peacetimeNational Societies - (161 countries) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola,Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica,Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,Finland, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, NorthKorea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, SriLanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,Ukraine, UAR, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa,Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----International Telecommunication Union (ITU)address - Place des Nations, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 730 51 11FAX - [41] (22) 733 72 56established - 9 December 1932effective - 1 January 1934affiliated with the UN - 15 November 1947aim - to deal with world telecommunications issues; UN specialized agencymembers - (184) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua andBarbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, CentralAfrican Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica,Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, FederatedStates of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidadand Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen,Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)address - INTELSAT, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008-3098,USAtelephone - [1] (202) 944 6800FAX - [1] (202) 944 7860established - 20 August 1971effective - 12 February 1973aim - to develop and operate a global commercial telecommunicationssatellite systemmembers - (134) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia,Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados,Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada,Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo,Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See,Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait,Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States ofMicronesia, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US,Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwenonsignatory users - (50) Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Belarus, Belize,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gambia,Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Kiribati, North Korea, Laos, Latvia, Lesotho,Liberia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Maldives,Malta, Marshall Islands, Moldova, Mongolia, Nauru, Niue, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Tajikistan, Tonga,Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, Vanuatu, Western Samoa-----Islamic Development Bank (IDB)address - P.O. Box 5925, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabiatelephone - [966] (2) 6361400FAX - [966] (2) 6366871established - 15 December 1973aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social developmentmembers - (48 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina,Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon,Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman,Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen,Palestine Liberation Organization-----Latin American Economic System (LAES)note - also known as Sistema Economico Latinoamericana (SELA)address - SELA, Avda Francisco de Miranda, Torre Europa, piso 4, Chacaito,Apartado de Correos 17035, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuelatelephone - [58] (2) 905 5111FAX - [58] (2) 951 6953, 951 7246established - 17 October 1975aim - to promote economic and social development through regionalcooperationmembers - (27) Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela-----Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)note - also known as Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)address - Calle Cebollati 1461, Casilla de Correo 577, 11000 Montevideo,Uruguaytelephone - [598] (2) 40 11 21, 49 59 15FAX - [598] (2) 49 06 49established - 12 August 1980effective - 18 March 1981aim - to promote freer regional trademembers - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuelaobservers - (16) Commission of the European Communities, Costa Rica, Cuba,Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank, Italy, Nicaragua, Organization of American States,Panama, Portugal, Spain, United Nations Development Program, United NationsEconomic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean-----League of Arab States (LAS)see Arab League (AL)-----League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS)see International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies(IFRCS)-----least developed countries (LLDCs)that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially identifiedby the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant economicgrowth, per capita GDPs normally less than $1,000, and low literacy rates;also known as the undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan,Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cape Verde,Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati,Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal,Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen-----less developed countries (LDCs)the bottom group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), formerUSSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs);mainly countries and dependent areas with low levels of output, livingstandards, and technology; per capita GDPs are generally below $5,000 andoften less than $1,500; however, the group also includes a number ofcountries with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, andrapid rates of growth; includes the advanced developing countries,developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries(LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newlyindustrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdevelopedcountries, undeveloped countries; the 172 LDCs are: Afghanistan, Algeria,American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba,The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi,Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros,Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti,Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, EquatorialGuinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, FrenchPolynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland,Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica,Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos,Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,Maldives, Mali, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania,Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat,Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, NewCaledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, NorthernMariana Islands, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda,Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre andMiquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, SaudiArabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands,Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania,Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks andCaicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, WesternSamoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----low-income countriesanother term for those less developed countries with below-average percapita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)-----London Suppliers Groupsee Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)-----Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR)see Southern Cone Common Market-----middle-income countriesanother term for those less developed countries with above-average percapita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)-----Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)established - April 1987aim - to arrest missile proliferation by controlling the export of keymissile technologies and equipmentmembers - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,UK, US-----Near Abroadthe 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million ethnicRussians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong national securityinterest-----newly industrializing countries (NICs)former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newlyindustrializing economies (NIEs)-----newly industrializing economies (NIEs)that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experiencedparticularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known asthe newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanceddeveloping countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, SouthKorea, Singapore, Taiwan), and Brazil-----Nonaligned Movement (NAM)address - c/o Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jalan Taman Pejambon 6, JakartaPUSAT, Indonesiaestablished - 1-6 September 1961aim - to establish political and military cooperation apart from thetraditional East or West blocsmembers - (110 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin,Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia,Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt,Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho,Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, SaudiArabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, SouthAfrica, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, PalestineLiberation Organizationobservers - (19) Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization, Antigua and Barbuda,Arab League, Armenia, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, ElSalvador, Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (New Caledonia),Mexico, Mongolia, Organization of African Unity, Organization of theIslamic Conference, Papua New Guinea, Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, UN,Uruguayguests - (21) Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada,Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, NZ,Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland-----Nordic Council (NC)address - Tyrgatan 7, Box 19506, S-104 32 Stockholm, Swedentelephone - [46] (8) 453 47 00FAX - [46] (8) 411 75 36established - 16 March 1952effective - 12 February 1953aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental cooperationmembers - (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland(including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Swedenobservers - the Sami (Lapp) local parliaments of Finland, Norway, andSweden-----Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)address - Fabiansgatan 34, PB 249 SF-00171 Helsinki, Finlandtelephone - [358] (0) 18001FAX - [358] (0) 1800309established - 4 December 1975effective - 1 June 1976aim - to promote economic cooperation and developmentmembers - (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland(including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden-----Northa popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located inthe northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of theSouth; see developed countries (DCs)-----North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)note - an extension of NATOaddress - c/o NATO, B-1110 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 728 41 11FAX - [32] (2) 728 45 79established - 8 November 1991effective - 20 December 1991aim - to discuss cooperation on mutual political and security issuesmembers - (38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US,Uzbekistanobserver - (1) Finland-----North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)address - B-110 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 728 41 11FAX - [32] (2) 728 45 79established - 17 September 1949aim - to promote mutual defense and cooperationmembers - (16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US-----Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)address - Le Seine St. Germain, 12 bd des Iles, F-92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, Francetelephone - [33] (1) 45 24 10 10FAX - [33] (1) 45 24 11 10established - NA 1958aim - to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy; associated with OECDmembers - (23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US-----Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)note - also known as the London Suppliers Groupaddress - c/o IAEA, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austriatelephone - [43] (1) 2360 2045FAX - [43] (1) 234564established - 1974aim - to establish guidelines for exports of technical information,processing equipment for uranium enrichment and nuclear materials tocountries of proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instabilitymembers - (28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USobservers - (2) Argentina, European Commission-----Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latinay el Caribe (OPANAL)see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and theCaribbean (OPANAL)-----Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)address - 2 rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris CEDEX 16, Francetelephone - [33] (1) 45 24 82 00FAX - [33] (1) 45 24 85 00, 45 24 81 76established - 14 December 1960effective - 30 September 1961aim - to promote economic cooperation and developmentmembers - (25) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg,Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,Turkey, UK, USspecial member - (1) EU-----Organization of African Unity (OAU)address - P. O. Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopiatelephone - [251] (1) 517700FAX - [251] (1) 512622established - 25 May 1963aim - to promote unity and cooperation among African statesmembers - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Coted'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, TheGambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia,Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan,Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----Organization of American States (OAS)address - corner of 17th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC20006, USAtelephone - [1] (202) 458 3000FAX [1] (202) 458 3967established - 30 April 1948effective - 13 December 1951aim - to promote regional peace and security as well as economic and socialdevelopmentmembers - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados,Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba(excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kittsand Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuelaobservers - (31) Algeria, Angola, Austria, Belgium, Central AmericanParliament, Commission of the European Communities, Cyprus, Egypt,Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary,India, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan,Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland,Tunisia-----Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)address - POB 20501, Safat 13066, Kuwaittelephone - [965] 5340713FAX - [965] 5340694established - 9 January 1968aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industrymembers - (10) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, SaudiArabia, Syria, UAE-----Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)address - P.O. Box 179, The Morne, Castries, St. Luciatelephone - [1] (809) 452 2537FAX - [1] (809) 453 1628established - 18 June 1981effective - 4 July 1981aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperationmembers - (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, SaintKitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesassociate member - (1) British Virgin Islands-----Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)address - Obere Donaustrasse 93, A-1020 Vienna, Austriatelephone - [43] (1) 21 11 20FAX - [43] (1) 26 43 20established - 14 September 1960aim - to coordinate petroleum policiesmembers - (12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela-----Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)address - Kilo 6, Mecca Road, P.O. Box 178, Jeddah 21411, Saudi Arabiatelephone - [966] (2) 680-0800FAX - [966] (2) 687-3568established - 22-25 September 1969aim - to promote Islamic solidarity in economic, social, cultural, andpolitical affairsmembers - (48 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina,Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon,Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman,Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Yemen,Palestine Liberation Organizationobservers - (3) Kazakhstan, Mozambique, "Turkish Republic of NorthernCyprus"-----Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)note - formerly the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)address - Thunovska 12, Mala Strana, 110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republictelephone - [422] (2) 24311069FAX - [422] (2) 24310629established - 1 January 1995aim - to discuss issues of mutual concern and to review implementation ofthe Helsinki Agreementmembers - (53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK,US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia (suspended)</text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups-----the top group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), formerUSSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs);includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations inthe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda,Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the FirstWorld, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generallyhave a per capita GDP in excess of $10,000 although four OECD countries andSouth Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPECcountries have figures of more than $10,000; the 35 DCs are: Andorra,Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel,Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco,Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US-----developing countriesan imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies;see less developed countries (LDCs)-----East African Development Bank (EADB)address - 4 Nile Avenue, P.O. Box 7128, Kampala, Ugandatelephone - [256] (41) 230021, 230825FAX - [256] (41) 259763established - 6 June 1967effective - 1 December 1967aim - to promote economic developmentmembers - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda-----Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)address - United Nations Building, Rajadamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200,Thailandtelephone - [66] (2) 2829161 through 2829200, 2829381 through 2829389FAX - [66] (2) 2811743established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the FarEast (ECAFE)aim - to carryout the commitment of the Economic and Social Council of theUN to promote economic developmentmembers - (49) Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh,Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia,Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan,Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan,Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,Vietnam, Western Samoaassociate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia,Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands,Palau-----Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)address - (temporary) P.O. Box 927115, Amman, Jordantelephone - [962] (6) 694351FAX - [962] (6) 694981, 694982established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN'sEconomic and Social Councilmembers - (12 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, Egypt,Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE,Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization-----Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)address - United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 1234FAX - [1] (212) 758 2718established - 26 June 1945effective - 24 October 1945aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes fiveregional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, EconomicCommission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and theCaribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and 10 functionalcommissions (see Commission for Social Development, Commission on HumanRights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women,Population Commission, Statistical Commission, Commission on Science andTechnology for Development, Commission on Sustainable Development,Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and Commission onTransnational Corporations)members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)address - P.O. Box 3001-3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopiatelephone - [251] (1) 51 72 00FAX - [251] (1) 51 44 16established - 29 April 1958aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN'sEconomic and Social Councilmembers - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Coted'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, TheGambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland,Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabweassociate members - (2) France, UK-----Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)-----Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)address - Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 917 1234, 907 2893FAX - [41] (22) 917 0036established - 28 March 1947aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN'sEconomic and Social Councilmembers - (54) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia-----Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)-----Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)address - Edificio Naciones Unidas, Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, Casilla 179D, Santiago, Chiletelephone - [56] (2) 2102000FAX [56] (2) 2080252, 2081946established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin America(ECLA)aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN'sEconomic and Social Councilmembers - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados,Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Grenada,Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands,Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, SaintLucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad andTobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuelaassociate members - (6) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat,Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands-----Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)-----Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centraleaddress - CEEAC, BP 2112, Libreville, Gabontelephone - [241] 73 35 47, 73 35 48, 73 36 77established - 18 October 1983aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a CentralAfrican Common Marketmembers - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo,Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaireobserver - (1) Angola-----Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacsaddress - B.O. Box 58, Gisenyi, Rwandatelephone - [250] 40228FAX - [250] 40785established - 26 September 1976aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integrationmembers - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire-----Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)address - 6 King George V Road, PMB 12745, Lagos, Nigeriatelephone - [234] (1) 636839, 636841, 636064, 630398FAX - [234] (1) 636822established - 28 May 1975aim - to promote regional economic cooperationmembers - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia,Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria,Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo-----Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)address - 5 Hejab Avenue, Bd Keshavarz, P.O. Box 14155-6176, Teheran, IranIslamic Republictelephone - [98] (21) 658614, 656152, 658045FAX - [98] (21) 658046established - NA 1985aim - to promote regional cooperation in trade, transportation,communications, tourism, cultural affairs, and economic developmentmembers - (10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistanassociate member - (1) "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"-----European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)address - One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2EH, UKtelephone - [44] (71) 338 6000FAX - [44] (71) 338 6100established - 15 April 1991aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies inEurope (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, formerUSSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of itsloans to privatizationmembers - (59) Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt,European Union (EU), European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland,France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein,Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta,Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan; note -includes all 25 members of the OECD; also includes the EU as a singleentity-----European Community (or European Communities, EC)was established 8 April 1965 to integrate the European Atomic EnergyCommunity (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), theEuropean Economic Community (EEC or Common Market), and to establish acompletely integrated common market and an eventual federation of Europe;merged into the European Union (EU) on 7 February 1992; member states atthe time of merger were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK-----European Free Trade Association (EFTA)address - 9-11 rue de Varembe, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 749 11 11FAX - [41] (22) 733 92 91established - 4 January 1960effective - 3 May 1960aim - to promote expansion of free trademembers - (7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden,Switzerland-----European Investment Bank (EIB)address - Bd Konrad Adenauer 100, L-2950 Luxembourg, Luxembourgtelephone - [352] 43791FAX - [352] 437704established - 25 March 1957effective - 1 January 1958aim - to promote economic development of the EUmembers - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK-----European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeenpour la Recherche Nucleaireaddress - CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 767 61 11FAX - [41] (22) 767 65 55established - 1 July 1953effective - 29 September 1954aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes onlymembers - (19) Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UKobservers - (6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations Educational,Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Yugoslavia-----European Space Agency (ESA)address - 8-10 rue Mario Nikis, F-75738 Paris CEDEX 15, Francetelephone - [33] (1) 42 73 76 54FAX - [33] (1) 42 73 75 60established - 31 July 1973effective - 1 May 1975aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and technologymembers - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy,Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UKassociate member - (1) Finlandcooperating state - (1) Canada-----European Union (EU)note - evolved from the European Community (EC)address - c/o European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels,Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 299 11 11FAX [32] (2) 295 01 38 through 295 01 40established - 7 February 1992effective - 1 November 1993aim - to coordinate policy among the 15 members in three fields: economics,building on the European Economic Community's (EEC) efforts to establish acommon market and eventually a common currency; defense, within the conceptof a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); and justice and homeaffairs, including immigration, drugs, terrorism, and improved living andworking conditionsmembers-(15) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK-----First Worldanother term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; thisterm is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs)-----Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)address - Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italytelephone - [39] (6) 52251FAX [39] (6) 5225 3152, 5225 5155, 578 2610established - 16 October 1945aim - to raise living standards and increase availability of agriculturalproducts, as a UN specialized agencymembers - (170) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia,Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU,Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, SaintVincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabweassociate member - (1) Puerto Rico-----Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE)the middle group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), formerUSSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs);these countries are in political and economic transition and may well begrouped differently in the near future; this group of 27 countries consistsof Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Latvia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova,Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan-----Four Dragonsthe four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that have experiencedunusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this groupincludes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan-----Four Tigersanother term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons-----Franc Zone (FZ)address - Direction Generale des Service Etrangers (Service de la ZoneFranc), Banque de France, 39 rue Crois-des-Petits-Champs, BP 140-01, ParisCedex 01, Francetelephone - [33] (1) 42 92 31 26FAX - [33] (1) 42 92 39 88established - 20 December 1945aim - to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are linkedto the French francmembers - (15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad,Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali,Niger, Senegal, Togo; note - France includes metropolitan France, the fouroverseas departments of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique,Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, SaintPierre and Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (FrenchPolynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna)-----Front Line States (FLS)established to achieve black majority rule in South Africa; membersincluded Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)note - was subsumed by the World Trade Organization (WTrO) on 1 January1995address - rue de Lausanne 154, CH-1211 Geneva 21, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 739 51 11FAX - [41] (22) 731 42 06established - 30 October 1947effective - 1 January 1948aim - to promote the expansion of international trade on anondiscriminatory basismembers - (123) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria,Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana,Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba,Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, ElSalvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong,Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau,Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincentand the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwe-----Group of 2 (G-2)established - informal term that came into use about 1986aim - to facilitate bilateral economic cooperation between the two mostpowerful economic giantsmembers - (2) Japan, US-----Group of 3 (G-3)established - NA October 1990aim - mechanism for policy coordinationmembers - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela-----Group of 5 (G-5)established - 22 September 1985aim - to coordinate the economic policies of the five major non-Communisteconomic powersmembers - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US-----Group of 6 (G-6)note - also known as Groupe des Six Sur le Desarmement not to be confusedwith the Big Sixestablished - 22 May 1984aim - to achieve nuclear disarmamentmembers - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania-----Group of 7 (G-7)note - membership is the same as the Big Sevenestablished - 22 September 1985aim - to facilitate economic cooperation among the seven major non-Communist economic powersmembers - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada andItaly-----Group of 8 (G-8)established - NA October 1975aim - to facilitate economic cooperation among the developed countries(DCs) that participated in the Conference on International EconomicCooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3June 1977members - (8) Australia, Canada, EU (as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, US-----Group of 9 (G-9)established - NAaim - to discuss matters of mutual interest on an informal basismembers - (9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary,Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia-----Group of 10 (G-10)note - also known as the Paris Club; includes the wealthiest members of theIMF who provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the informalsteering committee; name persists in spite of the addition of Switzerlandon NA April 1984address - c/o IMF Office in Europe, 64-66 ave dÆIena, F-75116 Paris, Francetelephone - [33] (1) 40 69 30 80FAX - [33] (1) 47 23 40 89established - NA October 1962aim - to coordinate credit policymembers - (11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands,Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USnonstate participants - (4) BIS, EU, IMF, OECD-----Group of 11 (G-11)note - also known as the Cartagena Groupestablished - 22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombiaaim - to provide a forum for largest debtor nations in Latin Americamembers - (11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela-----Group of 15 (G-15)note - byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movementaddress - Technical Support Facility, Ch du Champ dÆAncier 17, Case postale326, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 798 42 10FAX - [41] (22) 798 38 49established - September 1989aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; to act asthe main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movementmembers - (15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia,Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia,Zimbabwe-----Group of 19 (G-19)established - NA October 1975aim - to represent the interests of the less developed countries (LDCs)that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation(CIEC) held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977members - (19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India,Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, SaudiArabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia-----Group of 24 (G-24)address - c/o European Commission, DGI, G-24 Coordination Unit, Rue de laScience 29, B-1049 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 299 22 44FAX - [32] (2) 299 06 02established - NA January 1972aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, andLatin America within the IMFmembers - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt,Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria,Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago,Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire-----Group of 30 (G-30)address - 1990 M Street NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20036, USAtelephone - [1] (202) 331 2472established - NA 1979aim - to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic problemsmembers - (30) informal group of 30 leading international bankers,economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized by JohannesWitteveen (former managing director of the IMF)-----Group of 33 (G-33)established - NA 1987aim - to promote solutions to international economic problemsmembers - (33) leading economists from 13 countries-----Group of 77 (G-77)established - NA October 1967aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; namepersists in spite of increased membershipmembers - (127 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, CentralAfrican Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Coted'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia,Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, SouthKorea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar,Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan,Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad andTobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, WesternSamoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine LiberationOrganization-----Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)note - also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of theGulfaddress - P.O. Box 7431, Riyadh 11462 Saudi Arabiatelephone - [966] (1) 4827777FAX - [966] (1) 4829089established - 25 May 1981aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, political, andmilitary affairsmembers - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE-----Habitatsee Commission on Human Settlements-----Hexagonal Groupsee Central European Initiative (CEI)-----high-income countriesanother term for the industrialized countries with high per capita GDPs;see developed countries (DCs)-----industrial countriesanother term for the developed countries; see developed countries (DCs)-----Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)note - also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)address - 1300 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 10577, USAtelephone - [1] (202) 632 1000FAX - [1] (202) 789 2835established - 8 April 1959effective - 30 December 1959aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin Americamembers - (46) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize,Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany,Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico,Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Slovenia,Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay,Venezuela-----Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)address - BP 2653, Djibouti, Djiboutitelephone - [253] 354050, 352880FAX - [253] 356994established - 15-16 January 1986aim - to promote cooperation on drought-relatedmattersmembers - (7) Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda-----International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)address - Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austriatelephone - [43] (1) 2360 2045FAX [43] (1) 234564established - 26 October 1956effective - 29 July 1957aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energymembers - (121) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia,Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil,Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, CostaRica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia,Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Holy See,Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon,Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands,Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ,Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia,Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain,Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia,Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela,</text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups-----Note: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved andceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia,including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solelyon the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the UnitedNations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and theirsubsidiary bodies and in various United Nations specialized agencies. TheUnited Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY toremain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues tofly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a numberof other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to themembership of the former Yugoslavia. The World Factbook therefore continuesto list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seatremains or where no action has yet been taken.-----advanced developing countriesanother term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularlyrapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)-----African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)address - Avenue Georges Henri 451, B-1200 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 733 96 00FAX - [32] (2) 735 55 73established - 1 April 1976aim - to manage their preferential economic and aid relationship with theEUmembers - (70) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica,Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, TheGambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica,Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, SaoTome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands,Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad andTobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe-----African Development Bank (AfDB)note - also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)address - 01 BP 1387, Abidjan 01, Cote dÆIvoiretelephone - [225] 20 44 44FAX - [225] 21 77 53, 20 49 01, 20 49 09established - 4 August 1963aim - to promote economic and social developmentregional members - (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Coted'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia,Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar,Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwenonregional members - (26) Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea,Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia-----Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)-----Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)note - acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Techniqueaddress - 13 quai Andre-Citroen, F-75015 Paris, Francetelephone - [33] (1) 44 37 33 00FAX - [33] (1) 45 79 14 98established - 21 March 1970aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speakingcountriesmembers - (37) Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia,Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Coted'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea,Haiti, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco,Niger, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu,Vietnam, Zaireassociate members - (5) Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, SaintLuciaparticipating governments - (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada)-----Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and theCaribbean (OPANAL)note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nuclearesen la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)address - Temistocles 78, Col Polanco, CP 011560, Mexico City 5 DF, Mexicotelephone - [52] (5) 280 4923, 280 5064FAX - [52] (5) 280 2965established - 14 February 1967aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclearweaponsmembers - (28) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados,Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela-----Andean Group (AG)address - c\o JUNAC, Paseo de la Republica 3895, Casilla 18-1177, Lima 27,Perutelephone - [51] (14) 414212FAX - [51] (14) 420911established - 26 May 1969effective - 16 October 1969aim - to promote harmonious development through economic integrationmembers - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuelaassociate member - (1) Panamaobservers - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy,Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US,Uruguay, Yugoslavia-----Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique(BADEA)address - Sayed Abdel Rahman El Mahdi Avenue, P.O. Box 2640, Khartoum,Sudantelephone - [249] (11) 73646, 73498, 73709FAX - [249] (11) 70600established - 18 February 1974effective - 16 September 1974aim - to promote economic developmentmembers - (17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine LiberationOrganization; note - these are all the members of the Arab League exceptfor Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen-----Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)established - 16 February 1989aim - to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading toan Arab Common Marketmembers - (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen-----Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)address - P.O. Box 21923, Safat 13080, Kuwaittelephone - [965] 2451580, 2451588FAX - [965] 2416758established - 16 May 1968aim - to promote economic and social developmentmembers - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization-----Arab League (AL)note - also known as League of Arab States (LAS)address - Midan Attahrir, Tahrir Square, P.O. Box 11642, Cairo, Egypttelephone - [20] (2) 750 511FAX - [20] (2) 740 331established - 22 March 1945aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperationmembers - (21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania,Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE,Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization-----Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)address - 27 avenue Okba Agdal, Rabat, Moroccoestablished - 17 February 1989aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states ofnorthern Africamembers - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia-----Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)address - P.O. Box 2818, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emiratestelephone - [971] (2) 215000FAX - [971] (2) 326454established - 27 April 1976effective - 2 February 1977aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetaryand economic affairsmembers - (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain,Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, PalestineLiberation Organization-----Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)address - Ministry of Trade and Industry, Public Relations, 8 Shenton WayNo 48-01, Treasury Building, Singapore, Singaporeestablished - 7 November 1989aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basinmembers - (18) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong,Japan, South Korea, Mexico, NZ, Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, USobservers - (3) Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Pacific EconomicCooperation Conference, South Pacific Forum-----Asian Development Bank (AsDB)address - 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, METRO Manila, Philippinestelephone - [63] (2) 711 3851FAX - [63] (2) 741 7961, 631 6816established - 19 December 1966aim - to promote regional economic cooperationregional members - (40) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma,Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan,Kazakhstan, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives,Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal,NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands,Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam,Western Samoanonregional members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,Turkey, UK, US-----Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)-----Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)address - Jalan Sisingamangaraja 70A, Kebayoran Baru, P.O. Box 2072,Jakarta 12110, Indonesiatelephone - [62] (21) 71 22 72, 71 19 88FAX - [62] (21) 739 82 34established - 9 August 1967aim - to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperationamong the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asiamembers - (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailandobservers - (3) Laos, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam-----Australia Groupestablished - 1984aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical andbiological weaponsmembers - (28) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland,Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USobserver - (1) Singapore-----Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)address - c/o Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Bag 8, QueenVictoria Terrace, Canberra ACT 2600, Australiatelephone - [61] (62) 61 91 11FAX - [61] (62) 61 21 51established - 1 September 1951effective - 29 April 1952aim - to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the USsuspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986members - (3) Australia, NZ, US-----Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)-----Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)-----Bank for International Settlements (BIS)address - Centralbahnplatz 2, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (61) 280 80 80FAX - [41] (61) 280 91 00established - 20 January 1930effective - 17 March 1930aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international financialsettlementsmembers - (33) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway,Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia-----Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)see African Development Bank (AfDB)-----Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)-----Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)-----Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)see West African Development Bank (WADB)-----Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourgaddress - Rue de la Regence 39, B-1000 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 519 38 11FAX - [32] (2) 513 42 06established - 3 February 1958effective - 1 November 1960aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integrationmembers - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands-----Big Sevennote - membership is the same as the Group of 7established - NA 1975aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policiesmembers - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus theUS-----Big Sixnote - not to be confused with the Group of 6established - NA 1967aim - to foster economic cooperationmembers - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK-----Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)established - 25 June 1992aim - to enhance regional stability through economic cooperationmembers - (11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece,Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraineobserver - (1) Poland-----Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)address - CARICOM, P.O. Box 10827, Bank of Guyana Building, 3rd floor,Avenue of the Republic, Georgetown, Guyanatelephone - [592] (2) 69281 through 69289FAX - [592] (2) 66091, 67816, 57341established - 4 July 1973effective - 1 August 1973aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially among theless developed countriesmembers - (14) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad andTobagoassociate members - (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islandsobservers - (9) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic,Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Venezuela-----Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)address - P.O. Box 408, Wildey, St. Michael, Barbadostelephone - [1] (809) 431 1600FAX - [1] (809) 426 7269established - 18 October 1969effective - 26 January 1970aim - to promote economic development and cooperationregional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia,Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts andNevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago,Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuelanonregional members - (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK-----Cartagena Groupsee Group of 11-----Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)note - acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centraleaddress - BP 969, Bangui, Central African Republictelephone - [236] 61 09 22, 61 45 77FAX - [236] 61 21 35established - 8 December 1964effective - 1 January 1966aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Marketmembers - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, EquatorialGuinea, Gabon-----Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centraleaddress - BDEAC, Place du Gouvernement, BP 1177, Brazzaville, Congotelephone - [242] 83 01 26, 83 01 49, 81 02 12, 81 02 21FAX - [242] 83 02 66established - 3 December 1975aim - to provide loans for economic developmentmembers - (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, EquatorialGuinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait-----Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economicoaddress - Apartado Postal 772, Tegucigalpa DC, Hondurastelephone - [504] 372230 through 372239, 371184 through 371188FAX - [504] 370793established - 13 December 1960aim - to promote economic integration and developmentmembers - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaraguanonregional members - (4) Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan, Venezuela-----Central American Common Market (CACM)address - 4A Avda 10-25, Zona 14, Apdo Postal 1237, 01901 Guatemala City,Guatemalatelephone - [502] (2) 682151FAX - [502] (2) 681071established - 13 December 1960effective - 3 June 1961aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common Marketmembers - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua-----Central European Initiative (CEI)note - evolved from the Hexagonal Groupaddress - Chairman of the National Coordinators, Ministry for ForeignAffairs, Bem rakpart 47, Budapest II, Hungaryestablished - 27 July 1991aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the regionbetween the Adriatic and the Baltic Seasmembers - (10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic,Hungary, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Poland,Slovakia, Sloveniaassociate members - (4) Bulgaria, Belarus, Romania, Ukraine-----centrally planned economiesa term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked tothe former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward moredemocratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the SecondWorld or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group includedAlbania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary,North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia-----Colombo Plan (CP)address - Colombo Plan Bureau, P.O. Box 596, 12 Melbourne Avenue, Colombo4, Sri Lankatelephone - [94] (1) 581813, 581853, 581754FAX - [94] (1) 580721established - 1 July 1951aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacificmembers - (24) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia,Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives,Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore,Sri Lanka, Thailand, US-----Commission for Social Developmentnote - formerly Social Commissionaddress - c/o ECOSOC/DPCSD, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USAtelephone - [1] (212) 963 2320FAX - [1] (212) 963 5935established - 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966aim - to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with socialdevelopment programs of UNmembers - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justiceestablished - 6 February 1992aim - to provide guidance, as part of the Economic and Social Council, oncrime prevention and criminal justicemembers - (40) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Commission on Human Rightsaddress - c/o United Nationas Office, Centre for Human Rights, Palais desNations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerlandtelephone - [41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34FAX - [41] (22) 733 32 46established - 18 February 1946aim - to assist, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with humanrights programs of UNmembers - (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat)address - c/o HABITAT, P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenyatelephone - [254] (2) 621234FAX - [254] (2) 226473, 226479established - 12 October 1978aim - to assist, as part of the Economic and Social Council, in solvinghuman settlement problems of UNmembers - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Commission on Narcotic Drugsaddress - c/o International Drug Control Programme, Treaty Implementationand Legal Affairs Division, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austriatelephone - [43] (1) 211 310FAX - [43] (1) 230 7002established - 16 February 1946aim - Economic and Social Council organization dealing with illicit drugsprograms of UNmembers - (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasison producing and processing countries-----Commission on Science and Technology for Developmentestablished - 30 April 1992aim - to promote international cooperation, as part of the Economic andSocial Council, in the field of science and technologymembers - (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Commission on the Status of Womenaddress - c/o Economic and Social Council, Affairs Division, Department forPolicy Coordination and Sustainable Development, Room S-2963, UnitedNations, New York, NY 10017, USAestablished - 21 June 1946aim - to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with women'srights goals of UNmembers - (45) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Commission on Sustainable Developmentestablished - 12 February 1993aim - to monitor, as part of the Economic and Social Council,implementation of agreements reached at the UN Conference on Environmentand Developmentmembers - (53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions-----Commonwealth (C)address - c/o Commonwealth Secretariat, Marlborough House, Pall Mall,London SW1Y5HX, UKtelephone - [44] (71) 839 3411FAX - [44] (71) 930 0827established - 31 December 1931aim - to foster multinational cooperation and assistance, as a voluntaryassociation that evolved from the British Empiremembers - (49) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh,Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia,Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi,Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, PapuaNew Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, SouthAfrica, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda,UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwespecial members - (2) Nauru, Tuvalu-----Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)address - Kirov Street 17, 220000 Minsk, Belarustelephone - [7] (172) 293434, 293517FAX - [7] (172) 261894, 261944established - 8 December 1991effective - 21 December 1991aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanismfor the orderly dissolution of the USSRmembers - (12) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan-----Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)see West African Economic Community (CEAO)-----Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)-----Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)-----Communist countriestraditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governmentsand command economies based on the Soviet model; most of the original andthe successor states are no longer Communist; see centrally plannedeconomies-----Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)see Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)-----Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)-----Contadora Group (CG)was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) toreduce tensions and conflicts in Central America; has evolved into the RioGroup (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela-----Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulfsee Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)-----Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)established in 1949 to control the export of strategic products andtechnical data from member countries to proscribed destinations; memberswere Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy,Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US;was abolished 31 March 1994; COCOM members are working on a neworganization with expanded membership which focuses on nonproliferationexport controls as opposed to East-West control of advanced technology-----Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)note - also known as CMEA or Comeconestablished 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialisteconomies and was abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan(observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR),Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer),GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua(observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia(associate)-----Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)address - BP 925100, Amman, Jordantelephone - [962] (6) 66 43 26, 66 43 27, 66 43 28FAX - [962] (6) 66 33 43established - 3 June 1957effective - 30 May 1964aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nationsmembers - (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq,Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen,Palestine Liberation Organization-----Council of Europe (CE)address - Palais de lÆEurope, F-67075 Strasbourg CEDEX, Francetelephone - [33] 88 41 20 00FAX - [33] 88 41 27 81, 88 41 27 82established - 5 May 1949effective - 3 August 1949aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europemembers - (32) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, UKguests - (9) Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Latvia, TheFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, Ukraineobserver - (1) Israel-----Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)established - 5 March 1992aim - to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in the areas ofaid to new democratic institutions, economic development, humanitarian aid,energy and the environment, cultural programs and education, andtransportation and communicationmembers - (10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania,Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden-----Council of the Entente (Entente)address - BP 3734, Abidjan 01, Cote dÆIvoiretelephone - [225] 33 10 01, 33 28 35FAX - [225] 33 11 49established - 29 May 1959aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordinationmembers - (5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo-----Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)address - Rue de lÆIndustrie 26-38, B-1040 Brussels, Belgiumtelephone - [32] (2) 508 42 11FAX - [32] (2) 508 42 40established - 15 December 1950aim - to promote international cooperation in customs mattersmembers - (136) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda,Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, CapeVerde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo,Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt,Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary,Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon,Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta,Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, SaudiArabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa,Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda,Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwe-----developed countries (DCs)</text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and GroupsA ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa ACC Arab Cooperation Council ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries AfDB African Development Bank AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AG Andean Group AL Arab League ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) AMF Arab Monetary Fund AMU Arab Maghreb Union ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation AsDB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsB BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB) BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Benelux Benelux Economic Union BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) BIS Bank for International Settlements BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB) BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation ZoneC C Commonwealth CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCC Customs Cooperation Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO) CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) CEI Central European Initiative CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) CG Contadora Group CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 CP Colombo Plan CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in EuropeD DC developed countryE EADB East African Development Bank EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community; see European Union (EU) ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) EEC European Economic Community EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank Entente Council of the Entente ESA European Space Agency ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia EU European Union Euratom European Atomic Energy CommunityF FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FLS Front Line States FZ Franc ZoneG G-2 Group of 2 G-3 Group of 3 G-5 Group of 5 G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) G-7 Group of 7 G-8 Group of 8 G-9 Group of 9 G-10 Group of 10 G-11 Group of 11 G-15 Group of 15 G-19 Group of 19 G-24 Group of 24 G-30 Group of 30 G-33 Group of 33 G-77 Group of 77 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilH Habitat Commission on Human SettlementsI IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICRM International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade Unions IFRCS International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IIB International Investment Bank ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOC International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication UnionL LAES Latin American Economic System LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) LDC less developed country LLDC least developed country LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesM MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common Market MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MTCR Missile Technology Control RegimeN NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council NAM Nonaligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council NEA Nuclear Energy Agency NIB Nordic Investment Bank NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE) NIE newly industrializing economy NSG Nuclear Suppliers GroupO OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference ONUMOZ see UNOMOZ ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OSCE Organization on Security and Cooperation in EuropeP PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration PFP Partnership for PeaceR RG Rio GroupS SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES) SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement SPC South Pacific Commission SPF South Pacific ForumU UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) UN United Nations UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA) UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (ONUMOZ) UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UNU United Nations University UPU Universal Postal Union USSR/EE USSR/Eastern EuropeW WADB West African Development Bank WCL World Confederation of Labor WEU Western European Union WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) WTO see WToO WToO World Tourism Organization WTrO World Trade Organization (will be added in The World Factbook 1996)Z ZC Zangger CommitteeNote: Not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations.</text>
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<text>Central Intelligence AgencyThe World Factbook 1995Appendix A: The United Nations SystemThe UN is composed of five principal organs and numerous subordinateagencies and bodies as follows:1) Secretariat2) General Assembly: Habitat Commission on Human Settlements UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNITAR UN Institute for Training and Research UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UN University WFC World Food Council3) Security Council: Peacekeeping Forces and Organizations MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIKOM United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda UNOSOM II United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization Commissions Established Pursuant to SC Res.687 UNSCOM UN Special Commission United National Compensation Commission UN Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Specialized agencies FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization Related organizations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (subsumed by the World Trade Organization 1 January 1995) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Regional commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Functional commissions Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission on Human Rights Commission on Narcotics Drugs Commission on Science and Technology for Development Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women Commission on Sustainable Development Population Commission Statistical Commission6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)Note: The Trusteeship CouncilÆs mandate was ended on 1 October 1994 whenthe Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) became the Republic ofPalau, a self-governing territory in free association with the US</text>
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<text>Notes, Definitions, and AbbreviationsThere have been some significant changes in this edition. The Trust Territory ofthe Pacific Islands became the independent nation of Palau. The gross domesticproduct (GDP) of all countries is now presented on a purchasing power parity(PPP) basis rather than on the old exchange rate basis. There is a new entry onAge structure and the Airports entry now includes unpaved runways. TheCommunications category has been restructured and now includes the entries ofTelephone system, Radio, and Television. The remainder of the entries in theformer Communications category - Railroads, Highways, Inland waterways,Pipelines, Ports, Merchant marine, and Airports - can now be found under a newcategory called Transportation. There is a new appendix listing estimates ofgross domestic product on an exchange rate basis for all nations. A referencemap of the Republic of South Africa is included. The electronic files used toproduce the Factbook have been restructured into a database. As a result, theformats of some entries in this edition have been changed. Additional changeswill occur in the 1996 Factbook.Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for abbreviations for international organizationsand groups and Appendix D for abbreviations for selected internationalenvironmental agreements)avdp. -- avoirdupoisc.i.f. -- cost, insurance, and freightCY -- calendar yearDWT -- deadweight tonest. -- estimateEx-Im -- Export-Import Bank of the United Statesf.o.b. -- free on boardFRG -- Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information datedbefore 3 October 1990 or CY91FSU -- former Soviet UnionFY -- fiscal year (FY93/94, for example, began in calendar year 1993 and endedin calendar year 1994)FYROM -- The Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaGDP -- gross domestic productGDR -- German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information datedbefore 3 October 1990 or CY91GNP -- gross national productGRT -- gross register tonGWP -- gross world productkm -- kilometerkW -- kilowattkWh -- kilowatt hourm -- meterNA -- not availableNEGL -- negligiblenm -- nautical mileNZ -- New ZealandODA -- official development assistanceOOF -- other official flowsPDRY -- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen];used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91sq km -- square kilometersq mi -- square mileUAE -- United Arab EmiratesUK -- United KingdomUS -- United StatesUSSR -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for informationdated before 25 December 1991YAR -- Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for informationdated before 22 May 1990 or CY91Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-orderadministrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board onGeographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on byBGN are noted.Airports: Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing. Forairports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included. Not allairports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control.Paved runways have concrete or asphalt surfaces; unpaved runways have grass,dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces.Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited byinternational boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of allsurfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excludinginland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas are based ontotal area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one ofthe 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km,69 sq mi) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate.Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1995 isused in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates for 1July 1995, with population growth rates estimated for calendar year 1995. Majorpolitical events have been updated through April 1995.Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000population at midyear; also known as crude death rate.Digraphs: The digraph is a two-letter "country code" that precisely identifiesevery entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for example, is thedigraph for Afghanistan. It is a standardized geopolitical data elementpromulgated in the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS)10-3 by the National Bureau of Standards (now called National Institute ofStandards and Technology) at the US Department of Commerce and maintained by theOffice of the Geographer at the US Department of State. The digraph is used toeliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection, processing, anddissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful for interchangingdata between databases.Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with 184nations, including 178 of the 185 UN members (excluded UN members are Bhutan,Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, former Yugoslavia, and the US itself). Inaddition, the US has diplomatic relations with 6 nations that are not in the UN- Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, and Tuvalu.Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official developmentassistance (ODA) and other official flows (OOF). ODA is defined as financialassistance which is concessional in character, has the main objective to promoteeconomic development and welfare of LDCs, and contains a grant element of atleast 25%. OOF transactions are also official government assistance, but with amain objective other than development and with a grant element less than 25%.OOF transactions include official export credits (such as Ex-Im Bank credits),official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by theofficial sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to havebeen committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved andconstitute a formal declaration of intent.Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty,and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others arenot officially recognized by the US Government. "Nation" refers to a peoplepolitically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory."Dependent area" refers to a broad category of political entities that areassociated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usuallythe short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. There are266 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows:NATIONS184 -- UN members (excluding the former Yugoslavia, which is still counted bythe UN)7 -- nations that are not members of the UN - Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Serbiaand Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, TuvaluOTHER1 -- TaiwanDEPENDENT AREAS6 -- Australia - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island2 -- Denmark - Faroe Islands, Greenland16 -- France - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana,French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion,Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna2 -- Netherlands - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles3 -- New Zealand - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau3 -- Norway - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard1 -- Portugal - Macau16 -- United Kingdom - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey,Hong Kong, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena,South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands14 -- United States - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, JarvisIsland, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, NorthernMariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake IslandMISCELLANEOUS6 -- Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank,Western SaharaOTHER ENTITIES4 -- oceans - Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean1 -- World266 -- totalExchange rate: The official value of a nation's monetary unit at a given date orover a given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per USdollar and as determined by international market forces or official fiat.GDP methodology: In the "Economy" section, GDP dollar estimates for allcountries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations ratherthan from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP methodnormally involves the use of international dollar price weights, which areapplied to the quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. Inaddition to the lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, thestatistician faces a major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowingfor the quality of goods and services. The division of a GDP estimate in localcurrency by the corresponding PPP estimate in dollars gives the PPP conversionrate. On average, one thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goodsin the US as one thousand dollars - converted to the local currency at the PPPconversion rate - will buy in the other country. Whereas PPP estimates for OECDcountries are quite reliable, PPP estimates for developing countries are oftenrough approximations. Most of the GDP estimates are based on extrapolation ofnumbers published by the UN International Comparison Program and by ProfessorsRobert Summers and Alan Heston of the University of Pennsylvania and theircolleagues. Currency exchange rates depend on a variety of international anddomestic financial forces that often have little relation to domestic output. Indeveloping countries with weak currencies the exchange rate estimate of GDP indollars is typically one-fourth to one-half the PPP estimate. Furthermore,exchange rates may suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of marketforces or official fiat whereas real output has remained unchanged. On 12January 1994, for example, the 14 countries of the African Financial Community(whose currencies are tied to the French franc) devalued their currencies by50%. This move, of course, did not cut the real output of these countries byhalf. One important caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as apercentage of GDP in local currency accounts may differ substantially from theproportion when GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, whenan observer tries to estimate the dollar level of Russian or Japanese militaryexpenditures. Note: The numbers for GDP and other economic data can not bechained together from successive volumes of the Factbook because of changes inthe US dollar measuring rod, revisions of data by statistical agencies, use ofnew or different sources of information, and changes in national statisticalmethods and practices.Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all final goods and services producedwithin a nation in a given year.Gross national product (GNP): The value of all final goods and services producedwithin a nation in a given year, plus income earned abroad, minus income earnedby foreigners from domestic production.Gross world product (GWP): The aggregate value of all goods and servicesproduced worldwide in a given year.Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, resultingfrom a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrantsentering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative.Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics,stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. Thesecategories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as wellas those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels.Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provideshallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot,Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).Coca (Erythroxylum coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant used tomake cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacaoseeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter.Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and includechloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital),benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid).Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, orbehavioral change in an individual.Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results inphysical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual.Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, andemotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc,buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP,angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others(psilocybin, psilocyn).Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.Mandrax is the Southwest Asian slang term for methaqualone, a pharmaceuticaldepressant.Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, in slang referred to as Quaaludesin North America or Mandrax in Southwest AsiaNarcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium,opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol withcodeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisyntheticnarcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Syntheticnarcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone(Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil).Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy.Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural andsemisynthetic narcotics.Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opiumpoppy.Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of catha edulis that ischewed or drunk as tea.Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a pharmaceuticaldepressant.Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity,and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine),phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert,Sanorex, Tenuate).Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in agiven year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year.International disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations thatrange from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of onesort or another. Information regarding disputes over international boundariesand maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the Department of State. Referencesto other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such asresource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues. However,inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or recognition bythe US Government.Irrigated land: The figure refers to the land area that is artificially suppliedwith water.Land use: The land surface is categorized as arable land - land cultivated forcrops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); permanentcrops - land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest(citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures - land permanently used forherbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland - under dense or open stands oftrees; and other - any land type not specifically mentioned above (urban areas,roads, desert).Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who representsthe state at official and ceremonial functions but is not involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head of government is theadministrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the government.In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime Minister is the headof government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the headof government.Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group ofpeople all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant inthe future.Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unlessotherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition - the abilityto read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individualcountries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope ofthis publication.Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some nationalclaims from being extended the full distance.Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercialvessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishingvessels, offshore oil rigs, etc. Also, a grouping of merchant ships bynationality or register.Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, orcolony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parentcountry; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of aninternal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as theparent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritimelaws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of acaptive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parentcountry, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad.The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that itis not the register of an independent state.Flag of convenience register - A national register offering registration to amerchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC)attract ships to their registers by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistenttaxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers arecharacterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually owned inthe flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under agiven set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of themerchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register.Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legaljurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Flag statemaritime legislation determines how a ship is manned and taxed and whether aforeign-owned ship may be placed on the register.Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a nationalregister. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have thatnationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those onthe main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation ofprofits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flagstate (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International ShipRegister and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples ofan internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from thenational flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreign owned ships tothe Norwegian and Danish flags.Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; commonlyused to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercialvessels only.Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with themaritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individualships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality andmakes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag state)regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner.Money figures: All money figures are expressed in contemporaneous US dollarsunless otherwise indicated.National product: The total output of goods and services in a country in a givenyear. See GDP methodology, Gross domestic product (GDP), and Gross nationalproduct (GNP).Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering andleaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyearpopulation). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as netimmigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving thecountry as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population).Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based onstatistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, orsample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about futuretrends. Starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for somecountries (mostly African) have taken into account the effects of the growingincidence of AIDS infections; in 1993 these countries were Burkina, Burundi,Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania,Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Thailand, Brazil, and Haiti.Telephone numbers: All telephone numbers presented in the Factbook consist ofthe country code in brackets, the city or area code (where required) inparentheses, and the local number. The one component that is not presented isthe international access code which varies from country to country. For example,an international direct dial phone call placed from the United States to Madrid,Spain, would be as follows: 011 [34] (1) 577-xxxx where 011 is the international access code for station-to-station calls (01 is for calls other than station-to-station calls), [34] is the country code for Spain, (1) is the city code for Madrid, 577 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number.An international direct dial phone call placed from another country to theUnited States would be as follows: international access code + [1] (202) 939-xxxx where [1] is the country code for the United States, (202) is the area code for Washington, DC, 939 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number.Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born perwoman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and borechildren according to a given fertility rate at each age.Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated asfiscal year (FY). FY93/94 refers to the fiscal year that began in calendar year1993 and ended in calendar year 1994 as defined in the Fiscal Year entry of theEconomy section for each nation. FY90-94 refers to the four fiscal years thatbegan in calendar year 1990 and ended in calendar year 1994.Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material inthe public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates. TheHandbook of International Economic Statistics, published annually in Septemberby the Central Intelligence Agency, contains detailed economic information forthe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries,Eastern Europe, the newly independent republics of the former nations ofYugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and selected other countries. The Handbook canbe obtained wherever The World Factbook is available.</text>
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<text><span class="style2">otes, Definitions, and AbbreviationsThe United Nations SystemAbbreviations for International OrganizationsInternational OrganizationsAbbreviations for Selected International Environmental AgreementsSelected International Environmental AgreementsWeights and MeasuresEstimates of Gross DomesticProduct on an Exchange BasisCross-Reference List of Geographic</span></text>
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<text>Welcome to the Appendices to the World Factbook from the CIA.Use the arrow keys in the lower right corner to move around.</text>
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